APPLICATION OF HEALTH-ORIENTED MOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE SYSTEM OF ADAPTIVE PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF BASKETBALL PLAYERS AGED 14-15 FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIAL ENDURANCE

Abstract

The article substantiates the effectiveness of applying health-oriented motor activity within the system of adaptive physical education for the development of special endurance in basketball players aged 14-15 years. In the context of this study, the term adaptive physical education is interpreted not in its traditional sense related to persons with disabilities, but as a system of adapting physical loads to the age-related, functional, and individual characteristics of healthy adolescent athletes. This approach is based on the variable selection of training methods and means, individualized physical loads, their rational dosage, and the prevention of overfatigue, thereby ensuring the safe development of physical qualities, improving functional capabilities, and increasing the effectiveness of the educational and training process.

The relevance of the study is determined by the growing demands of modern basketball for a high level of functional fitness and the necessity of considering the morphofunctional characteristics of adolescents during the period of intensive growth and development. Scientific evidence indicates that the age of 14-15 years is characterized by significant changes in the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, which require scientifically grounded regulation of training loads and the implementation of health-oriented approaches to physical training.

The purpose of the study was to substantiate and experimentally verify the effectiveness of health-oriented motor activity within the system of adaptive physical education for improving the special endurance of young basketball players. The research methods included the analysis and synthesis of scientific literature, pedagogical observation, a pedagogical experiment, assessment of physical performance using the PWC170 test, evaluation of cardiovascular functional indicators, and methods of mathematical statistics.

The proposed training program combined aerobic, aerobic-anaerobic, functional, and game-based exercises. The program included continuous and variable running, interval sprints, ball-handling drills, defensive movement exercises, bodyweight functional exercises, circuit training, and modified 3×3 and 4×4 basketball games on a reduced-size court. Particular attention was paid to the individualization of physical loads according to the athletes’ level of physical development, functional state, and adaptive capacity, which contributed to improving endurance while preventing excessive fatigue and reducing the risk of injuries.

The results of the pedagogical experiment confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. After the implementation of the program, significant improvements were observed in the absolute and relative PWC170 indices, prolonged exercise duration until reaching a heart rate of 170 beats·min⁻¹, and a reduction in heart rate during standardized exercise. These findings indicate enhanced aerobic capacity, improved efficiency of the cardiovascular system, increased adaptive capacity, and a higher level of special endurance in basketball players aged 14-15 years.

The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development and experimental substantiation of a comprehensive methodology for improving special endurance through the integration of health-oriented motor activity with individualized training loads. The practical significance of the research is determined by the possibility of implementing the proposed methodology in youth sports schools and basketball clubs for athletes aged 14-15 years in order to improve functional fitness, preserve health, and increase the effectiveness of the long-term training process.