MODERN APPROACHES TO TEACHING PHYSICAL EXERCISE IN PHYSICAL THERAPY AND OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY: A COMPARATIVE SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS

Abstract

The article provides a comparative and analytical review of modern theoretical approaches to teaching physical exercises in physical therapy and occupational therapy, which is a key component of restoring motor and functional capabilities of patients after neurological and orthopedic disorders. The evolution of concepts of teaching motor actions is considered - from traditional repetitive training to modern models focused on the formation of adaptive motor strategies and the integration of motor learning principles. Emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of neuroplasticity, sensorimotor adaptation and the role of task variability in the formation of stable skills.

Special attention is paid to comparing traditional methods of restoring movements with modern concepts based on functionally oriented learning, gradual reduction of external control and stimulation of the patient's self-control. Research on the use of biofeedback technologies, robotic systems and virtual environments in the rehabilitation process is analyzed, and the importance of the correct combination of pedagogical and biomechanical principles is emphasized.

Based on the analysis of modern scientific publications, including the works of Ukrainian scientists (Baylyak M. et al., 2025; Kerestey V. et al., 2024; Malyarova Y., et al., 2024; Ruban L., Misyura V. 2021) and international researchers (Maier M. et al., 2019; Winterbottom L. Nilsen D., 2024), the leading principles of effective motor training are summarized: active patient participation, orientation to functional tasks, variability of performance conditions, gradual reduction of external prompts, formation of self-control and individualization of rehabilitation programs. It has been established that the integration of modern principles of motor training into physical therapy and occupational therapy programs increases the effectiveness of the rehabilitation process, contributes to the formation of patient independence, improves the portability of skills in everyday life and ensures long-term preservation of results. The obtained generalizations can be used in the training of physical therapy and occupational therapy specialists, the development of clinical protocols and methodological recommendations for rehabilitation programs in various medical institutions.